Knowledge base
USB Connectors and Data speed
*reference from USB standard
USB Logos - All the different types
*reference from USB standard
USB Cable Maximum Length - Data considerations
USB-IF standard recommended below length for USB cables for data transfer
*reference from USB standard
USB Cable Maximum Length - PD Charging considerations
USB Power Delivery (PD) standard recommended below length for USB cables
*reference from USB standard
USB Cable PD Charging - EPR vs SPR
USB Power Delivery (PD) power range specifications for USB cables. In the fixed voltage scheme, the Standard Power Range (SPR) mode supports 3A and 5A at 5V, 9V, 15V, and 20V. The 3A configuration supports between 15 and 60W. The 5A scheme requires a specific type of cable and can supply up to 100W. The new Extended Power Range (EPR) mode supports all voltage and current combinations of SPR, and also includes 5A supply at 28V, 36V, and 48V, allowing for support up to 240W.
*reference from USB standard
USB Cable Bandwidth Data speed - Bit vs Bytes
Data speed of different USB versions - 1 Byte = 8 Bits, 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 Bytes
*reference from Wikipedia
DisplayPort 2.1 UHBR Modes
*reference from VESA
DisplayPort and HDMI Resolution / Bandwidth
Digital Video Resolution/ fps vs Data Rate Bandwidth
What can go wrong with cheap inferior AOC cable?
Compatibility - Inside the connectors, there is a chipset inside. Some inferior VCSEL laser dies after short period of time. The chipset is responsible to make sure the TV (Display side) and DVD ( Source side ) EDID reading successful, then image can show on the Display. If the Chipset is not designed properly to match most Display and Source on the market, there will be compatibility issue. There is no fix in this situation. A lot of factory to pursue low cost and used low quality chipset. These chipset can only work with limited Display and Source, so often have compatibility issues. If the cable is not working after installation, it is much more expensive in labor to replace the cable.
Broken Optical Fiber - since this inside cable is fiber optic, it is very very fragile. Therefore, the filler material inside the cable is very important in protecting your cable. The right material is kevlar, but many cheap cables uses cotton or nylon. Cable installation is a rough process pulling cables through conduits. Inferior filler material CANNOT protect your fiber during installation. If the cable is broken during installation, it is much more expensive in labor to replace the cable
Broken Connection - since this inside cable is fiber optic, and connected to the connector module. This is very precision assembly technique. Slight misalignment on the fiber/module connection can result in a non-working cable. Therefore, not only the fiber/module connection needs to be done right, it also needs to be protected properly. Cable installation is a rough process pulling cables through conduits. Poor fiber connection CAN BREAK during installation. If the cable is broken during installation, it is much more expensive in labor to replace the cable.
Missing ARC support - In an HDMI AOC cable, there are copper wires for communication protocols: one for power supply, one for CEC, two for audio return (ARC), and one for DDC signals. A lot of factory pursue low cost and remove the 2 copper wires for ARC.
Durability and life expectancy - Inside the connectors, there are VCSEL lasers that emits optical signals into the fiber. Some inferior VCSEL laser dies after short period of time. If one of the VCSEL fails, the cable do not work at any device. There is no fix in this situation. A lot of factory pursue low cost and used low quality VCSEL, these are high risk defective. If the cable is broken after installation, it is much more expensive in labor to replace the cable.
Common cable abbreviations
Conductor
BC - Bare Copper
TC - Tinned Copper (solid)
TS - Tinned Copper (stranded)
CCS - Copper Clad Steel
CCA - Copper Clad Aluminum
#C - number of conductors
#P - number of pairs
#PCS - number of wire sets
Shielding
D - Drain
Al - Aluminum Foil
MY - Mylar Film
B - Braiding
AEB - Aluminum Earth(drain) and Braiding
Cable Jacket
LSZH/LSOH - low smoke zero halogen
Common UL flammability cable ratings
AWM (Appliance Wiring Material)
This type of wire is defined by UL 758, and is meant to be used with consumer products in basic connectivity applications, such as connecting a computer to a monitor, or routing a USB cable from a motherboard to the outside of the computer case. AWM wire is not meant to be used in building installations, unless it is within the scope of the installation instructions for a particular product (5). However, there is some overlap in test scenarios between UL 758 and UL 13 (which covers CL2, CL2X, and CL3).
VW-1 (Vertical Wire 1) - ANSI / UL 1581
A measured section of the wire is suspended vertically and a flame source is placed near one end. A paper flag is attached to the other end of the wire. Beneath the wire sample and the flag is a small amount of cotton. The flame is ignited and the wire is burned for 5 cycles, each cycle 15s, with break of 15s-60s. The flames must not travel up the wire in such a way as to burn a significant portion of the paper flag, and none of the paper flag is allowed to drop and ignite the cotton below.
CL2 (Class 2) - ANSI / UL 1685
This is one type of mark that is given to cables that meet the UL 13 "Power-limited Circuit" standard, which is designed to test the safety of cables when they are installed in buildings. CL2 uses a different test methodology than VW-1 that includes both burning and smoke. The test scale is also larger-scale than VW-1, incorporating a tray instead of a single section of wire.
CL2X and CL3
CL2X cables can be used in some, but not all of the same locations as a CL2 cable, and a CL2 cable can be substituted for a CL2X cable but not the other way around. UL categorizes CMG / CM, CL3, and CL2 cables as "General Purpose", and CMX, CL3X, and CL2X as "Dwelling."
Twisted Pair ISO/IEC 11801 Acronyms Designation
The code before the slash designates the shielding for the cable itself, while the code after the slash determines the shielding for the individual pairs:
U – unshielded
F – foil shielding
S – screened shielding (outer layer only)
TP – twisted pair
TQ – twisted pair, individual shielding in quads
*reference from Wikipedia
The standard defines several link/channel classes and cabling categories of twisted-pair copper interconnects, which differ in the maximum frequency for which a certain channel performance is required:
Class A: link/channel up to 100 kHz using Category 1 cable/connectors
Class B: link/channel up to 1 MHz using Category 2 cable/connectors
Class C: link/channel up to 16 MHz using Category 3 cable/connectors
Class D: link/channel up to 100 MHz using Category 5e cable/connectors
Class E: link/channel up to 250 MHz using Category 6 cable/connectors
Class EA: link/channel up to 500 MHz using Category 6A cable/connectors (Amendment 1 and 2 to ISO/IEC 11801, 2nd Ed.)
Class F: link/channel up to 600 MHz using Category 7 cable/connectors
Class FA: link/channel up to 1000 MHz using Category 7A cable/connectors (Amendment 1 and 2 to ISO/IEC 11801, 2nd Ed.)
Class BCT-B: link/channel up to 1000 MHz using with coaxial cabling for BCT applications. (ISO/IEC 11801-1, Edition 1.0 2017-11)
Class I: link/channel up to 2000 MHz using Category 8.1 cable/connectors (ISO/IEC 11801-1, Edition 1.0 2017-11)
Class II: link/channel up to 2000 MHz using Category 8.2 cable/connectors (ISO/IEC 11801-1, Edition 1.0 2017-11)
The standard link impedance is 100 Ω (The older 1995 version of the standard also permitted 120 Ω and 150 Ω in Classes A−C, but this was removed from the 2002 edition).
The standard defines several classes of optical fiber interconnect:
OM1: Multimode fiber type 62.5 μm core; minimum modal bandwidth of 200 MHz·km at 850 nm
OM2: Multimode fiber type 50 μm core; minimum modal bandwidth of 500 MHz·km at 850 nm
OM3: Multimode fiber type 50 μm core; minimum modal bandwidth of 2000 MHz·km at 850 nm
OM4: Multimode fiber type 50 μm core; minimum modal bandwidth of 4700 MHz·km at 850 nm
OM5: Multimode fiber type 50 μm core; minimum modal bandwidth of 4700 MHz·km at 850 nm and 2470 MHz·km at 953 nm
OS1: Single-mode fiber type 1 dB/km attenuation at 1310 and 1550 nm
OS1a: Single-mode fiber type 1 dB/km attenuation at 1310, 1383, and 1550 nm
OS2: Single-mode fiber type 0.4 dB/km attenuation at 1310, 1383, and 1550 nm
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